Heneral Luna 2015

As the 19th century drew to a close, the long-awaited independence of the Philippines arrived with the abrupt end of Spanish colonial rule. However, Spain, unwilling to concede defeat gracefully, secretly sold the archipelago to the victorious Americans for $20 million during the Treaty of Paris. This secretive transaction marked the dawn of American influence in the region.

In Malolos, tensions flared as the Filipino cabinet convened at the historic Barasoain Church to tackle the increasing American presence. Felipe Buencamino and Pedro Paterno suggested cultivating an alliance with the Americans to avert conflict, but their proposal was met with disgust by Generals Antonio Luna and José Alejandrino, who favored a more aggressive stance. Meanwhile, President Emilio Aguinaldo (Emilio Aguinaldo) was engaged in negotiations with the Americans concerning the control of Manila, which still lay under Spanish control.

As events unfolded, the Filipinos became aware of a recent battle between the Spaniards and Americans, which led to the latter seizing control of Manila. This pivotal moment thrust the Philippines into the arms of American rule and ignited a fiery resistance led by Aguinaldo, who was determined to defend his nation’s independence.

General Luna (Antonio Luna) and his loyal officers—Colonel Francisco “Paco” Román, Captain Eduardo Rusca, and the Bernal brothers, Captain José and Major Manuel—embarked on a grueling campaign against the Americans. Setbacks were abundant, and during a particularly fierce battle, Luna attempted to secure reinforcements from the Kawit battalion. However, his requests were denied by Commander Pedro Janolino, who insisted that the order had not originated from Aguinaldo himself. Furious, Luna dealt with Janolino harshly, stripping him of his rank and inflicting public humiliation.

In a turn of events, Buencamino and Paterno advanced a controversial proposal: to allow the Philippines to become a protectorate under American governance to ensure peace. Furious with this suggestion, Luna took it upon himself to arrest the duo, labeling them as traitors. Compounding the turmoil, General Tomás Mascardo openly defied Luna’s commands, further eroding unity within the Filipino ranks.

As tensions escalated in Pampanga, the Americans maintained their relentless advance, compelling the Filipino army, alongside Aguinaldo, to retreat northward. The growing disarray among the Filipino forces weighed heavily on Luna, driving him to seek resignation. While Aguinaldo refused to accept his withdrawal from military operations, he did grant Luna’s request to establish a northern headquarters for a guerrilla campaign against the Americans.

Days later, Luna was summoned to Aguinaldo’s headquarters in Cabanatuan, only to find himself thrust into the chaotic politics of the new cabinet. The atmosphere was permeated with distrust from his officers. Upon arrival, Luna was struck by the eerie sight of deserted headquarters, left by a hasty departure of Aguinaldo and the unexpectedly released Buencamino. A fierce confrontation erupted between Luna and Buencamino, where their dialogue was laced with animosity.

In the wake of these escalating tensions, tragedy struck. Janolino and his men launched a violent attack on Luna, claiming Román’s life as he bravely intervened. As Rusca lay injured, he too was captured, and the remaining officers faced horrific violence, with the Bernal brothers among those brutally tortured and murdered, their anguished cries filling the air.

In an unexpected act, Aguinaldo later requested that Luna and Román be honored with military burials, while the guilty parties behind their execution were left to roam free, evading justice. Years later, Aguinaldo would publicly deny complicity in Luna’s fall, praising him as his most brilliant and competent general.

In a gripping post-credits scene, General Gregorio del Pilar readied himself to safeguard Aguinaldo’s escape northward, carefully evaluating the remnants of Luna’s troops. He commanded Colonel Vicente Enríquez to pick sixty of these seasoned soldiers for an approaching battle, their destinies hanging precariously in uncertainty.